Italian Medicines Agency

COVID-19 mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine (Comirnaty) is a vaccine indicated for preventing the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in people aged 16 years and older. It contains a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) provided with the instructions for producing a protein present on SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19 disease. The vaccine does not contain the virus itself and cannot cause the disease.

COVID-19 mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine (Comirnaty) is given in two injections, usually into the deltoid muscle of the upper arm, at least 21 days apart.

COVID-19 mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine (Comirnaty) contains a messenger RNA that cannot reproduce itself in host cells, but prompts the synthesis of antigens of the SARS-CoV-2 virus (that the virus itself encodes). The S antigens of the virus stimulate the antibody response of the vaccinated person through production of neutralizing antibodies.
The messenger RNA is enclosed in liposomes formed by ALC-0315 and ALC-0159 to facilitate entry into cells.
The vaccine also contains other excipients:
1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, cholesterol, dibasic sodium phosphate dihydrate, monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, saccharose, water for injections.

The dose of vaccine to be administered to each person is 0.3 ml. This dose should be withdrawn, under aseptic conditions and using appropriate precision syringes, from a vial of vaccine containing 2.25 ml after dilution with a 0.9% sodium chloride solution.

With an aim to use all the product available in each vial and to avoid any waste, AIFA, in accordance with the provisions of its Scientific-Technical Committee, states that, without prejudice to the need to guarantee the administration of the appropriate 0.3 ml dose to each vaccinated subject by using suitable syringes, it is possible to have at least 1 additional dose compared to the 5 doses declared in the Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC).

Any residues from different vials, even those belonging to the same batch number, shall not be mixed.

A very large clinical trial showed that COVID-19 mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine (Comirnaty) is effective in preventing COVID-19 in people from 16 years of age.

The efficacy and safety profile of this vaccine was assessed in trials across six countries (USA, Germany, Brazil, Argentina, South Africa and Turkey), involving more than 44,000 participants.

Half received the vaccine and half were given a placebo, a product identical to the vaccine but inactive. Efficacy was calculated over 36,000 people aged 16 years and older (including people over 75 years of age) who had no sign of previous infection.

The study showed a 95% reduction in the number of symptomatic COVID-19 cases in the subjects who received the vaccine (8 cases out of 18,198 had COVID-19 symptoms) compared with the subjects who received a placebo (162 cases out of 18,325 had COVID-19 symptoms).

Trial findings showed that two doses of COVID-19 mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine (Comirnaty) administered 21 days apart can prevent 95% of adults aged 16 years and older from developing COVID-19. Such findings were maintained across age brackets, genders and ethnic groups.

The 95% reduction refers to the difference between the 162 cases reported in the group of over 18,000 people who received a placebo and the only 8 cases reported in the group of over 18,000 people who received the vaccine.

No, effectiveness has been proven one week after injecting the second dose.

The most frequent adverse reactions (affecting more than 1 in 10 people) observed in the COVID-19 mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine (Comirnaty) trial were usually mild or moderate and resolved within a few days after vaccination. These included pain and swelling at the injection site, fatigue, headache, muscle and joint pain, chills and fever.

Redness at the injection site and nausea occurred in less than 1 in 10 people. Itching at the injection site, limb pain, enlarged lymph nodes, difficulty in falling asleep and malaise were uncommon adverse reactions (affecting less than 1 in 100 people). Muscle weakness on one side of the face (acute peripheral facial paralysis or palsy) occurred rarely, in less than 1 in 1,000 people.

The most common serious adverse reaction was the enlargement of lymph nodes. However, this is a benign condition which resolves naturally.

Overall, systemic reactions were more frequent and pronounced after the second dose.

Reports of adverse reactions, from the least serious to the most severe, including allergic reactions, are being collected in countries where mass administration of the vaccine has already started. All countries administering the vaccine to the entire population are collecting and assessing any adverse reaction reported to the relevant pharmacovigilance system in order to define the risk profile of the vaccination. For further information please refer to Pharmacovigilance on COVID-19 vaccines

COVID-19 Moderna mRNA -1273 vaccine is a vaccine indicated for preventing the 2019 coronavirus diesase (COVID-19) in people aged 18 and older. It is the second anti-COVID-19 vaccine authorised in Italy by AIFA (on 7 January 2021), after the Comirnaty vaccine. It contains a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) provided with the instructions for producing a protein present on SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19 disease. The vaccine does not contain the virus itself and cannot cause the disease.

The vaccine is given in two injections, of 0.5 ml each, usually into the deltoid muscle of the upper arm, at least 28 days apart.

COVID-19 Moderna mRNA -1273 vaccine contains a messenger RNA that cannot reproduce itself in host cells, but prompts the synthesis of the Spike (S) protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The viral S protein stimulates the antibody response of the vaccinated person through production of antibodies neutralizing the virus, should one come into contact with the virus. To facilitate entry into cells, the vaccine mRNA is enclosed in very small vesicles (liposomes). In addition to mRNA, the vaccine also contains: SM-102, DSPC, PEG2000 DMG, potassium chloride, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, disodium phosphate dihydrate, saccharose, water for injections.

The vaccine is stored at temperatures between -15°C and -25°C, but is stable between +2°C and +8°C for 30 days if the package remains intact. The multidose vial contains 6.3 ml and does not require dilution; it is therefore ready for use and allows the administration of 10 doses, although in many cases it may be possible to obtain a complete eleventh dose of 0.5 ml. Any residues from different vials, even belonging to the same batch number, shall never be mixed.

A very large clinical trial proved that COVID-19 Moderna vaccine is effective in preventing COVID-19 disease in subjects aged 18 onwards. The efficacy and safety profile of this vaccine was assessed in trials conducted by 99 centres in the United States, which involved 30,420 participants from 18 years onwards.

The participants were divided into two groups: 15,210 received the vaccine and the same number were given a placebo, a product identical in all respects to the vaccine, but not active. More than half (58.6%) of the participants were aged between 18 and 64, 24.8% were 65 or older and 16.7% were younger than 65 but with concomitant diseases which increased the risk of severe COVID-19 disease. 47.3% were women. Overall, 11 cases of COVID-19 disease were recorded in the group that received the vaccine, compared to 185 in the group that received the placebo and acted as control: therefore, the vaccine showed a 94.1% efficacy in preventing infection with SARS-CoV-2 symptoms versus placebo.

The results of these studies showed that two doses of the Moderna vaccine, administered 28 days apart, were able to prevent 94.1% of vaccinated adults aged 18 and over from developing the COVID-19 disease referred to 11 cases among the vaccinated group and 185 cases in the placebo group; the results were substantially homogeneous by age, gender and ethnicity. All severe cases of COVID-19 (30 in total, with 1 death) occurred to the study participants, were recorded in the control group. Such results confirm that the vaccine is able to prevent the severe form of the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

No, effectiveness was completed two weeks after injecting the second dose.

The most common adverse reactions were pain at injection site (92%), fatigue (70%), headache (64.7%), muscle pain (61.5%), chills (45.4%), nausea/vomiting (23%), swollen lymph nodes in the arm of injection (19.8%), fever (15.5%), swelling (14.7%) and redness (10%) at the injection site. Reactions were generally mild or moderate in intensity and resolved within a few days from vaccination. Reactions were more frequent after the second dose and in younger participants aged between 18 and 65 years, compared to participants over 65 years.

The frequency of more severe adverse events was comparable between the control group (1.3%) and the group receiving the vaccine (1.5%). In less than 0.5% of cases, in both groups, adverse events were such as to prevent administration of the second dose. No cases of respiratory diseases associated with the vaccine were reported. For further information please refer to Pharmacovigilance on COVID-19 vaccines.

SARS-CoV-2 viruses infect the body by using a surface protein, called Spike, that allows the viruses to penetrate into the body cells and reproduce themselves.

Vaccines currently being studied have been developed to prompt a response blocking the spike protein, thus preventing cell infection.

The two anti-COVID-19 mRNA vaccines approved for the vaccination campaign use messenger RNA (mRNA) containing instructions for the vaccinee's cells to synthesize Spike proteins. In vaccines, the mRNA molecules are inserted into microscopic lipid vesicles which allow the mRNA to enter the cells. Once injected, the mRNA is absorbed into the cell cytoplasm and initiates the synthesis of Spike proteins. Such proteins stimulate the immune system to produce specific antibodies. In those who have been vaccinated and are exposed to viral infection, the antibodies produced will block the Spike proteins and prevent their entry into the cells. In addition, vaccination also activates T cells that prepare the immune system to respond to further exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, the vaccine does not introduce the actual virus into the vaccinee’s cells, but only the genetic information required by the cell to build copies of the Spike protein. If, at a later time, the vaccinated persons come into contact with SARS-CoV-2 again, their immune system will recognize the virus and be ready to fight it. The vaccine mRNA does not remain in the body, but will degrade shortly after vaccination.

It is not currently known how long protection provided by the vaccine lasts, since the observation period was inevitably limited to few months. However, evidence from other coronavirus strains shows that protection should be at least 9-12 months.

These vaccines do not use active viruses, but only a genetic component carrying into the vaccinee’s body the instructions to produce specific antibodies. Whole or live viruses are not involved, so the vaccine cannot cause diseases. As any mRNAs produced by cells, the vaccine mRNA naturally degrades a few days after vaccination.

Clinical studies conducted so far have assessed the efficacy of mRNA vaccines on clinically manifest forms of COVID-19. However, more time is needed to obtain significant evidence as to whether vaccinated people can become asymptomatically infected and then infect other people. Although vaccination is likely to protect against infection, vaccinated persons and those with whom they come into contact should continue to take protective measures against COVID-19.

Studies on anti-COVID-19 vaccines, including mRNA vaccines, began in spring 2020. Therefore, they lasted only a few months compared to usual times, but saw the participation of a very large number of people, ten times higher than usual vaccine development studies. Therefore, it was possible to carry out a sufficiently large study to demonstrate the vaccine efficacy and safety.

None of the regular phases for the verification of the vaccine’s efficacy and safety was skipped: the short timelines leading to the swift approval were possible thanks to the research already carried out for many years on RNA vaccines, to the great human and financial resources made available in a very short time and to the assessment, by the regulatory agencies, of the results obtained as they became available and not, as usually happens, when all studies were completed. These simple measures saved years on approval times.

The vaccines protect the individual, but if many people get vaccinated, the spread of the virus can be reduced to some extent, which will in turn protect all those who cannot be vaccinated. Vaccination helps to protect both the individual and the general population.

Although the effectiveness of the vaccines available is very high (over 90%), there will always be a share of vaccinated people who does not develop an immune response. Moreover, it is still not known whether vaccination prevents just the expression of the disease or the spreading of the infection as well. This is why being vaccinated does not give a "go-ahead", but it is necessary to continue to adopt correct behaviours and measures to contain the infection risk.

Published studies show that one dose is sufficient to prompt the desired immune response within two weeks and that such response is strongly enhanced by the second dose. We do not know how long immunity lasts after the first dose. A population vaccinated with a single dose has its risk of getting COVID-19 only halved. The Center for Disease Control in the United States stated that for both mRNA vaccines (Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna) "the second dose should be given as close as possible to the recommended interval", which is 21 days and 28 days respectively. A similar indication was given by the World Health Organization. Therefore, AIFA’s Scientific Committee on Vaccines deems it necessary to follow the current indications on the administration of two doses for the vaccines approved so far.

The two vaccines are very similar and have been evaluated as equivalent by AIFA’s Scientific-Technical Committee, in that they adopt the same messenger RNA technology, have a very high efficacy (almost equal), they are both very safe, with modest side effects and largely resolved in a few days. Both vaccines deliver a massive immune response after two doses three to four weeks apart. They have been studied on tens of thousands of participants with the most rigorous scientific methods. Comirnaty shows efficacy data from 16 years of age onwards, Moderna from 18 years onwards.

The differences are also in the way they are presented: frozen Comirnaty to be diluted and Moderna ready and kept at refrigerator temperatures.

A synoptic comparison table between the two vaccines is available here.

Data on the use of these vaccines during pregnancy and lactation are still very limited; however, laboratory studies on animal models have not shown harmful effects. In particular, the vaccines are not contraindicated and do not exclude a priori pregnant women from vaccination, in that pregnancy, especially if combined with other risk factors such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and obesity, could make them more exposed to risk in case of severe COVID-19 disease. As for breastfeeding, despite the lack of specific studies, there is no biologically plausible risk preventing them from continuing breastfeeding. The Italian National Health Institute (Istituto Superiore di Sanità), through the ItOSS project, is participating in the national and international debate on these aspects and has recently published a document with the aim of supporting healthcare professionals, pregnant and breastfeeding women in the decision-making process regarding vaccination. As a rule, vaccination during pregnancy and breastfeeding should be decided in close consultation with a healthcare professional, after balancing risks and benefits.

Both vaccines are not currently recommended for children below 16 years (Comirnaty) and 18 years (Moderna). The European Medicines Agency (EMA) has agreed with the company manufacturing Comirnaty on a plan to trial the vaccine in children at a later stage.

Vaccination shall be performed by healthcare professionals of public vaccination centres, i.e., people with extensive vaccination experience and trained in vaccination techniques. Furthermore, considering the specific features of these vaccines, healthcare professionals have received additional specific technical information on the preparation and administration of the vaccines.

Before vaccination, healthcare professionals will ask the person who is going to receive the vaccine a series of precise and simple questions, using a standardised form. Based on the answers given by the person, healthcare professionals will consider whether vaccination should be carried out or postponed. In addition, healthcare professionals shall verify whether there are contraindications or special precautions need to be taken, as reported in the vaccine data sheet.

There are no data available on the interchangeability between different COVID-19 vaccines to complete the vaccination course, therefore people who have received one dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine should receive a second dose of the same vaccine.

During the handling of the vaccine and the injection, as with any intramuscular injection, there is a risk of contamination of the needles and syringes used due to environmental germs which, in case of incorrect procedure, could be injected together with the vaccine. If this happens, inflammation of the injection site of varying intensity may occur, up to purulent abscess. To avoid this risk, aseptic techniques must be adopted, in particular, through minimizing environmental exposure of the syringe needles and bevel. The procedure for the Pfizer vaccine requires the use of a 3ml syringe to withdraw the dilution liquid to be injected into the multidose vial. Then, after dilution, withdrawal of 0.3 ml of vaccine and injection for a total of six doses. This procedure is feasible with normal 3- or 5-ml standard syringes, for dilution, and 1 ml syringes (insulin type) for injection, whereas the Moderna vaccine comes in ready-made vials of 6.3 ml from which it is possible to withdraw up to eleven doses of 0.5 ml of vaccine.

The Luer lock system provides for the permanent connection of the needle to the syringe, not allowing any separation for both the 3 ml and 1 ml syringes. The needles also have the same connection. This system guarantees against:

   1. The accidental separation of the needle from the 3 ml syringe during withdrawal and injection into the vial, as well as against separation of the needle from the syringe for the withdrawal and injection of the 0.3 ml of vaccine;

   2. The reckless practice of leaving a needle stuck in the diluted vaccine vial to subsequently withdraw the 6 doses and inject them with different needles;

   3. The reckless practice of withdrawing multiple doses of dilution (e.g., 2*1.8 = 3.6ml) using the same syringe for multiple vaccine vials;

   4. The even more dangerous practice of withdrawing multiple doses of vaccine from the vaccine vial (e.g., 3*0.3 = 0.9 ml) by only changing the needle for multiple vaccinees.

Such practices are very dangerous due to exposure of needles and syringe bevels to microbial contamination and are already absolutely banned. However, in an extraordinary mass vaccination such as the one underway, errors cannot be ruled out, as already noted in some European countries. The Luer lock system adds to the connection through simple insertion of the needle to the syringe, which is common to normal syringes, a connection through screwing breading which welds the needle to the syringe, thus guaranteeing the prevention of the abovementioned errors, in that every needle and every syringe can be used only once.

All syringes have a dead space: the small space between the plunger and the bottom of the syringe and the space inside the injecting needle. It is a variable amount of fractions of tenths of a milliliter. The liquid filling this space is actually lost and therefore slightly reduces the dose administered. The problem is irrelevant for quantities of drug measurable in milliliters (1.2-5.10ml), whereas it can be significant when the dose is smaller, like the 0.3 ml dose of the Pfizer vaccine and the 0.5 ml dose of the Moderna vaccine, especially if it is possible to exactly withdraw six or seven doses from the Pfizer vial or ten doses from the Moderna vial. For this reason, precision 1 ml insulin-like syringes should be preferred, with minimal or almost no dead space.
The 1 ml Luer loch syringes have the advantage of both safety, as described in the previous answer, and optimization of dose withdrawal.

The most frequently observed adverse reactions during the current vaccination campaign are fever, headache, muscle or joint pain, injection site reactions and fatigue. These are non-serious reactions, of mild or moderate severity which, although annoying, resolve in a few hours or a few days, often without even resorting to symptomatic treatments (painkiller or similar).

As with all medicines, allergic reactions up to anaphylactic shock are also possible, although very rare. For this reason, vaccinations are carried out in a safe environment by trained personnel, and there is an observation period of at least 15 minutes after vaccination. Another aspect that is taken into account is that, following the injection, anxious reactions may also occur, with vaso-vagal phenomena ranging from the sensation of being about to faint up to actual fainting, so the staff pay attention to avoid fall injuries.

Monitoring of adverse reactions is described in the monthly surveillance reports available here.